Beyond type 1 diabetes
Full size table Experimental design A To investigate the effect of DDW on metabolic changes occur in diabetes, diabetic and control rats were divided into two main groups: half of the animals were given DDW 25 ppm Dand the other half received normal tap water ppm Dboth provided ad libitum.
To determine whether DDW exerts its effects, at least partially, by modifying the action of insulin, diabetic rats were further divided into subgroups according to insulin treatment.
The control rats did not receive insulin treatment. We did not want to achieve euglycaemia by insulin treatment, but to prevent severe acute complications only. Therefore, two different doses of insulin Huminsulin Lilly Normal I. The insulin was administered subcutaneously in equal portions twice daily 8. Treatments started at the 2nd week after STZ injection and lasted for an additional 8 weeks. Treatments started at the 2nd week after STZ injection and lasted for 4 weeks.
Food intake, water consumption, and body weight were measured daily. Blood samples from the tail beyond type 1 diabetes and 24 h urine samples were collected once a week. The plasma samples were obtained by centrifugation at ×g for 15 min at 4 °C.
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After measuring the volume, urine was centrifuged at × g for 10 min and the supernatant was used for analysis. Plasma glucose Plasma Glucose was determined spectrophotometrically using reagent kits from Reanal Finechemical Co. Beyond type 1 diabetes, Hungary.
The plates were analyzed by a Biorad microplate reader. Plasma fructosamine concentration Plasma fructosamine concentration was determined spectrophotometrically using the micro method developed by Oppel et al.
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In brief, fructosamine reagent was prepared by dissolving 50 mg nitroblue tetrazolium NBT, from Beyond type 1 diabetes, Budapest, Hungary in Standard was prepared from bovine serum albumin as described previously in detail [ 23 ]. Twenty µl of plasma or an adequate volume of standard solution was pipetted into the wells of a well plate in three parallels, respectively.
After the addition of µl reagent into each well, the plates were profoundly shaken and then incubated at 37 °C for 10 min.
The initial absorbance was read at nm A1. Following a subsequent incubation for 10 min, the absorbance was read again at nm A2. Fructosamine concentration Csample was calculated from Eq. In brief, 30 µl of blood samples collected without anticoagulants were hemolysated in µL deionised water. After further washing of the columns with washing buffer 10 mLµL of the hemolysate were transferred to the top of the columns and allowed to soak in.
Unbound hemoglobins were eluted by passing 8 mL of washing buffer through the column.
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The unbound fraction, containing most of the hemoglobin was diluted to 15 mL with washing buffer. The absorbance of each fraction was measured at nm and the amount of hemoglobin bound glycosylated was calculated as a percentage of the total. Isolation of the membrane fraction of soleus muscle Isolation of the membrane fraction of soleus muscle was performed according to Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML et al.
Briefly, soleus muscles from each rat hind limb were removed and trimmed of connective tissue, fat and nerves. The homogenate was centrifuged at ×g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the pellet was discarded.
The supernatant was then centrifuged at ×g for 60 min in a Beckman SW55 rotor.
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The pellet was resuspended in 0. The pellet was finally resuspended and homogenized in washing buffer, and the total membrane protein content beyond type 1 diabetes measured by the Bradford method. Western blot analyses The samples were prepared in 2 × Laemmli buffer containing mmol dithiothreitol and boiled in a water bath for 15 min. The ODs of bands were determined by densitometry. All chemicals not mentioned otherwise were purchased from Sigma Budapest, Hungary.
Statistical analyses The results are presented as the mean ± SEM of n observations. Results DDW as drinking water reduced plasma glucose concentration and improved the metabolic parameters in diabetic rats To evaluate the effect of DDW on the glucose metabolism in streptozotocin STZ -induced diabetic rat model, first we aimed to test the 25 ppm D-concentration, which was the lowest D-concentration of DDW available.
In animals without any insulin treatment, DDW alone did not affect blood glucose concentration.
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These results indicate that deuterium depletion, in the presence of insulin, can affect blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. Open and closed circles represent the data obtained from animals receiving either DDW 25 ppm or beyond type 1 diabetes water, respectively.
Numbers in brackets show the number of animals in each group Full size image To evaluate the changes of metabolic parameters in non-diabetic rats receiving drinking water with ppm or 25 ppm D content for four weeks were individually placed in metabolic cages for 24 h and the amount of fluid and food consumed was measured and the volume of urine excreted and its glucose content were determined.
To evaluate the changes of metabolic parameters in STZ-treated diabetic rats receiving drinking water with ppm or 25 ppm D content for four weeks were individually placed in metabolic cages for 12 h, without insulin administration, and the beyond type 1 diabetes of fluid and food consumption, the volume of urine excretion and its glucose content were measured, respectively.
In conclusion, the D content of the drinking water did not significantly affect the parameters studied in either non-diabetic or STZ-treated animals without insulin administration. Next, to determine cukorbeteg orvos most effective D-concentration, DDW with 25, 75,and ppm D-concentrations was tested along with the application of a low insulin dose only.
Surprisingly, we found that the ppm value, which was closer to the natural D level, was the most effective D-concentration in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic animals.
